耕作引起的紫色土母岩破碎运动定量分析

紫色土区存在耕作破碎母岩补充土壤的现象,尤其是在土层浅薄且岩性松软的泥页岩区,然而目前鲜有相关方面报道。为定量评估不同自然条件和耕作方式下母岩破碎运动特征,以裸露泥岩为研究对象,在野外模拟耕作试验中使用物理示踪法追踪2种含水率(7.44%和14.77%)和5个坡度(5°、10°、15°、20°、25°)条件下,不同深度(2、4、6 cm)耕作引起的母岩破碎运动情况。结果表明:1)含水率是影响母岩破碎运动的重要因素,且耕作深度越小其影响越大;2)随着耕作深度的增大,岩屑的平均位移呈逐渐减小的变化趋势,2 cm深度耕作引起的岩屑位移最大;3)岩屑位移随着深度的增加快速减小,且岩石含水率高的坡面减小幅度更大;4)母岩含水率较高(14.77%)时,坡度对坡面岩屑运动没有显著影响(P>0.1),但母岩含水率较低(7.44%)时,坡度与坡面岩屑位移存在显著正相关关系(P<0.1)。可见,耕作破碎母岩过程受到岩石含水率、耕作深度和坡度的共同影响,且各因子在不同深度的作用机制不同。该研究为揭示母岩人为风化成土和侵蚀机制初步提供了技术支撑和依据。     

Scaling the effects of riparian vegetation on cross-sectional characteristics of ephemeral mountain streams—a case study of Nahal Oren,Mt. Carmel,Israel

To assess the effect of trees and shrubs on stream structure on different spatial scales, we tested the relationships between their percentage coverage in relation to width, depth and stream slope. This research was conducted during the winter and spring of 2004 at Nahal Oren, Israel, an ephemeral mountainous stream.     

施用控释肥提高直播水稻氮的利用率

Field trials on a silt-loamy paddy soil derived from shallow-sea deposit in direct seeding rice fields were conducted in Zhejing ,China,in 1996 to compare N efficiency of controlled release fertilizers (LP fertilizers) with the conventional urea.Six treatments including CK (no N fertilizer),conventional urea and different types of LP fertilizers at different rates were designed for two succeeding crops of early and late rice.A blend of different types of LP fertilizers as a single preplant “co-situs“ application released n in a rate and amount synchronizing with uptake pattern of direct seeding rice.A single preplant application of the LP fertilizers could meet the N requirement of rice for the whole growth period without need of topdressing,Using LP fertilizer blends ,equivalent grain yields could be maintained even if the N fertilization rates were reduced by 25%-50% compared with the conventional urea .Agronomi efficiency of the LP fertilizers was 13.6%-86.4% higher than that of the conventional urea in early rice and 100%-164.1% in late rice,depending on the amounts of the LP fertilizers applied.N fertilizer recovery rate incereased from 27.4% for the conventional application of urea to 41.7%-54.1%,for the single preplant “co-situs“ application of the LP fertilizers,Use of the LP fertilizers was promising if the increse in production costs due to the hihg LP fertilizer prices could be compensated by increase in yield and N efficiency,reduction in labor costs and improvement in environment.     

肥料氮的淋溶深度对肥效的影响

在人工模拟土柱中,用~(15)N示踪方法,研究了麦田追施尿素之后,随灌溉水淋溶到不同深度层次中的肥料氮对小麦的有效性及其再分布规律。结果表明,肥料氮的淋溶深度对其有效性确有一定影响,在0～40cm内,这一影响不显著,而在达到40cm以下时,肥料氮的利用率降低7.22％～12.36％,肥效下降13.99％～22.49％,达极显著水平。植株吸收肥料氮的比例随着淋溶深度的加深而有所降低。淋溶到土体深处的肥料氮的再分布能力很弱。肥料氮的损失率与利用率成反相关。     

新型气压式精密排种器的试验研究

对最新研制的低压式精密排种器构造、工作原理和工作参数进行了理论分析，试验研究排种盘转速、种子面高度和排种气压变化对排种性能的影响。对排种性能影响的主次因素顺序为排种气压、排种盘转速和种子面高度。在正常工作范围内，种子面高度变化对排种性能综合指标的影响不大。气压式精密排种器，已应用在2BQYF-6A气压式硬茬播种机上。     

Modelling of sinkage tests in tilled soils for mobility study

The study of the mechanical behaviour of breached surface soils allows the optimization of the running gear of the vehicles for the off-road mobility.The sinkage of the running gear causes a motion resistance which is opposed to the tractive capacity of the vehicle. In a homogeneous soil, the sinkage is predicted by the interpretation of plate sinkage tests. In order to make possible and easier the sinkage prediction of a vehicle going in a tilled soil, the article has for objective to present a method to model pressure–sinkage curve for a tilled soil with the pressure–sinkage curve of the same soil before tillage.The tilled soil is considered as two layers of the same soil whose density is lower for the upper layer than for the sub-base. The two-layered soil behaviour is modelled as the combination of the behaviour of the loose soil layer and the behaviour of the dense soil. The link between these two behaviours is a critical depth defined as the depth of the plate when the layer of soil in a critical density reaches the limit between the two layers.Sinkage tests with circular plates were carried out on four soils chosen to represent the mechanical properties of a range of soils: a sand for frictional soils, a silt for cohesive soils and a silty sand and a sandy loam for cohesive frictional soils predominant in the agricultural soils. The soils were tested in one-layered and two-layered configurations in small and large bins with well-known and controlled soil conditions.A theoretical approach allows the calculation of the critical depth with a deformation process of the soil below the plate. The critical depth depends on the density of the soil, the tillage depth, the diameter of the plate and the angle of friction of the soil.The critical depth allows the modelling of the pressure–sinkage curve for the tilled soils using the one-layered soil data. The comparison with the experimental tests in tilled soil validate the approach.     

水稻芽种拌干土粉处理对机播性能的影响

水稻芽种拌入一定量的干土粉后可以减小芽种之间相互粘连，降低芽种与播种机各部件接触表面之间的粘附力，提高机械播种精度和降低播种过程中的种子损伤率。条播试验结果表明，拌干土粉芽种的播种量标准差为3.6粒，比芽种的播种量标准差少1.36粒；拌干土粉芽种的播种量变异系数为6%，比芽种裸籽的播种量变异系数小2.27%；播种破损率为4.07%，比芽种裸籽播种破损率低5%。     

播种量和穗肥施氮量对优质食味直播水稻产量和品质的影响

播种量是影响直播水稻产量的关键因素之一,但其对优质食味水稻产量和品质的影响研究相对较少。施用穗肥是水稻高产栽培的重要措施,但穗肥施氮量对优质食味直播水稻产量和品质的调节效应尚不清楚。本研究以3个江苏省代表性优质食味水稻苏香粳3号、南粳5055和南粳9108为材料,在行距固定为25 cm条件下,分析了60、90、120、150和180 kg hm–2等5个播种量对上述品种产量和品质的影响,并观察了适宜播种量条件下穗肥施氮量对优质食味水稻产量和品质的调节效应。主要结果表明:(1)苏香粳3号、南粳5055和南粳9108的产量均随播种量增加呈先升后降的趋势。3个品种高产最适播种量分别为130.2～136.5、118.3～119.3和90.0～96.4 kg hm–2。稻米加工品质与播种量呈不同程度负相关,而垩白粒率、垩白度、蛋白质含量、米粉消解值与播种量呈显著或极显著正相关。胶稠度、直链淀粉含量、食味值和崩解值与播种量均呈显著或极显著负相关。(2)在高产适宜播种量条件下,与常规穗肥施氮量相比,穗肥施氮量减半对南粳5055和南粳9108的产量无明显影响,但可明显改善稻米的外观品质和食味值。上述结...     

用动态图层融合与纹理-灰度梯度能量模型的果树行识别

为解决果园机器视觉导航中果树行识别易受果园复杂环境干扰的问题,该研究提出一种采用动态选取融合因子对彩色图像与深度图像进行图层融合并采用纹理-灰度梯度能量模型进行图像分割的果树行视觉识别算法。首先,通过搭建立体视觉系统获取果园彩色图像与对应的深度图像,并基于饱和度（S）通道图像的灰度值选取动态融合因子,实现对果园彩色图像与深度图像的图层融合;然后,分别计算融合图像的纹理特征图像与灰度梯度特征图像,并建立纹理-灰度梯度结合的能量模型,基于模型能量最小原则进行树干与背景的分割;最后,以树干与地面交点为果树行特征点进果树行直线拟合,完成果树行角度的识别。并对上述算法分别进行果树行识别试验与移动作业平台视觉对行导航试验。果树行识别试验结果表明,该研究算法果树行角度识别平均偏差为2.81°,与基于纹理、灰度梯度特征的果树行识别算法相比识别平均偏差分别降低2.37°和1.25°。移动作业平台视觉导航试验结果表明,在作业平台速度为0.6 m/s时,对行行驶最大偏差为12.2 cm,平均偏差为5.94 cm。该研究提出的视觉导航算法可以满足果园移动作业平台视觉对行导航需求,研究成果将为基于机器视觉的果园自动导航系统的研究与优化奠定基础。     

点胶-纸带式小粒径种子蔬菜精密播种机设计与试验

针对目前蔬菜机械化播种精度低的问题,该研究设计了一种点胶-纸带式小粒径种子蔬菜精密播种机。通过对蠕动泵胶装置、棘轮点胶装置、排种装置的机构分析,确定了各机构的结构参数,并以导种管长度、导种管截面角度以及窝眼轮转速为试验因素,结合Box-Behnken试验方案进行导种管优化试验。结果表明,当导种管长度为56 mm,截面角度为35°、排种轮转速为30 r/min时,纸带上有效区种子占比达57.23%。以泵胶装置辊子转角和预胶化淀粉与水混合物质量比为试验因素,对直径为1.5～2.0 mm的上海青605种子进行粘附试验。结果表明,当辊子转角为10°,预胶化淀粉与水混合物质量比为1:6时,单粒种子粘附率达97.4%。开展整机对不同品种小粒径蔬菜种子的适应性试验,结果表明,在0.5～1.5 m/s作业速度下,上海青605和四季小白菜的播种单粒率均大于95%,株距变异系数均小于10%。与现有电控锥盘式蔬菜播种机相比,单粒率提高了3.53%,工作效率提高了50%,满足NY/T1143-2006规定的精密播种性能指标要求,该研究可为小粒径种子蔬菜精密播种机的结构设计和优化提供参考。